LAUE, MAX VON

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LAUE, MAX VON, born Max Laue (1879–1960), physicist; founded the fieldof X-ray structural analysis (crystallography). Born in the village of Pfaffendorfbei Koblenz, he began studying physics in 1898 while fulfilling his militaryobligation. Specializing in theoretical physics, he developed a parallel interestin optics under the influence of Berlin's Otto Lummer. He took his doctoratein 1903 under Max Planck.*Although Laue had intended to teach Gymnasium, Planck convinced him toreturn to Berlin* in 1905 as his Assistent. In 1906 Laue completed his Habilitation.While he initially doubted Einstein's* theory of relativity—‘‘the transformationof space and time appeared strange to me''—he used optics to confirmits logic in 1907; thereafter he was among Einstein's champions. AppointedPrivatdozent in 1909 at Munich's Institute for Theoretical Physics, Laue enjoyedseveral rewarding years of X-ray research. His structural analysis of coppersulfate through X-radiation earned him the Nobel Prize for physics in 1914. Hewas appointed ausserordentlicher Professor at Zu¨rich in 1912 and became fullprofessor at Frankfurt's new university in 1914. His father was ennobled thesame year.To improve army communications, Laue worked in the war on electronicamplifying tubes. Because he wished to return to Berlin, he exchanged teachingpositions in 1919 with Max Born* and thus was able to be near Planck. Insucceeding years he recast X-ray analysis as a subfield of chemistry and physics.Drawn primarily to theory, he rarely studied individual substances and did notparticipate in the unfolding of quantum mechanics. He joined the Prussian Academyof Sciences in 1921 and represented theoretical physics from 1922 in thenewly formed Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Associationof German Science), later heading the group's physics committee. In1932 he received the Max Planck Medal.Although Laue remained in Germany after the NSDAP assumed power—‘‘Ihate them so much I must be close to them''—he was hardly a supporter of theThird Reich. Comparing Einstein to Galileo and Fritz Haber* to Themistocles,he publicly rebuked the regime's slandering of relativity as a ‘‘worldwide Jewishtrick'' and persistently fought the debasement of science. Despite his involvementin efforts to oppose Germany's wartime uranium project, he was internedby the Allies in 1945. Settling at Go¨ttingen with Otto Hahn,* he helped rebuildGerman science in the late 1940s and was instrumental in founding the MaxPlanck Society in 1946.