Frank, Anne

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Frank, Anne (1929–1945) young Holocaustvictim whose published diary movedthe worldAnnelies Marie Frank, better known as AnneFrank, was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany,of Jewish parents. Her father, Otto Frank, a prosperousFrankfurt businessman, realized the gravityof Nazi anti-Semitism and, in 1933, leftGermany with his wife and two daughters forwhat he assumed would be the safe haven ofAmsterdam. The German invasion of the Netherlandscame in May 1940, and the followingyear, as the German occupiers instituted anti-Semitic policies in the Netherlands, Anne Frankwas forced to transfer from a public school to aJewish one. As anti-Semitism escalated to theFinal Solution in the occupied countries, OttoFrank understood that he and his family would bedeported to what he assumed was a forced-laborcamp. To escape this fate, Frank took his familyinto hiding, with four other Jews, on July 9, 1942.They found refuge in the back room office andwarehouse of Frank's wholesale food business.Christian Dutch citizens, sympathetic to the plightof the Jews, smuggled in food and other supplies atgreat risk to themselves. However, not all Netherlanderswere so noble. Informers tipped off thelocal Gestapo, which raided the Franks' hidingplace on August 4, 1944. The family was sent to alocal transit camp at Westerbork and thence, onSeptember 3, 1944, to Auschwitz concentrationcamp in Poland. From here, Anne and her sisterMargot were transferred to Bergen-Belsen concentrationcamp in October. Their transportationto the camps had been the last from the Netherlands.Anne's mother died in January, just daysbefore Auschwitz was evacuated on January 18,1945. Anne and her sister succumbed to typhus,epidemic in the camps, in March 1945, shortlybefore Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the Allies.Alone among his family, Otto Frank survived andwas liberated from Auschwitz by Red Army troopson January 27, 1945.Even after their deportation, the Franks had notbeen abandoned by their Dutch friends. Theyfound in the Franks' hiding place numerous papersand personal effects the Gestapo had failed to confiscate.They saved these, and when Otto Frankreturned to Amsterdam, they gave the material tohim. He discovered a diary Anne had kept duringtheir desperate confinement. Frank edited it (tosome extent bowdlerizing it), and it was publishedin Dutch in 1947 as Diary of a Young Girl. Anextraordinary document, it is an intimate view ofthe Holocaust through the eyes of an adolescentgirl, a vision the more poignant because the diaryrecords all that interested any girl of Anne's age,including her growth into young womanhood, inaddition to the terror outside Otto Frank's backroom. It is a profoundly human document and amonument to the durability of the human spiritAnne Frank even in the greatest adversity. "In spite of everything,"Anne wrote in a particularly memorablepassage, "I still believe that people are really goodat heart."Diary of a Young Girl, often called "The Diary ofAnne Frank," has appeared in more than 50 languagesand is certainly the most widely read documentto emerge from the Holocaust. In 1995, a newEnglish translation was published, which restoredextensive material Otto Frank had expunged fromhis original version. The government of the Netherlandsand the city of Amsterdam preserve theFrank family's hiding place, on the PrinsengrachtCanal, as a museum and memorial.