ERNST, MAX

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ERNST, MAX (1891–1976), painter, illustrator, and sculptor; member of Cologne'sDada* circle and a founder of French Surrealism. Born in Bru¨ hl, as ayoung man (1908–1911) he studied philosophy and psychology, training himselfas an artist in his spare time. Aroused by Nietzsche's philosophy and van Gogh'sart, he was attracted to Expressionism,* joined Junge Rheinland, and beganpainting in earnest in 1912, exhibiting with Hans Arp and Paul Klee* at Berlin's*Sturm gallery in 1913. In 1919, after serving in the war, he and severalother artists formed a Dada circle in Cologne; he displayed his work, mostlycollages, at Berlin's First International Dada Fair of June 1920. Invited in 1921by Andre´ Breton to exhibit in Paris, he moved to France and helped foundSurrealism in 1924. With Man Ray, Picasso, Arp, and Klee, he exhibited at the1925 Premie`re Exposition surre´aliste. Disparaged in 1926 for creating costumesfor the ballet Romeo and Juliet, he officially broke with Surrealism but remainedintellectually faithful to the movement.Ernst's work has a symbolic, dreamlike quality. Swamps, forests, and prehistoriclandscapes—sometimes containing mythological figures—evoke mystery.In 1925 he developed his trademark technique of ‘‘frottage,'' in which the paperto be painted is placed over a rough surface such as grained wood and rubbeduntil it acquires the surface's quality. Following a sojourn in Switzerland, hebegan sculpting in 1934. The Nazis included his work in their 1937 exhibitEntartete Kunst (Degenerate Art). He was interned in France after the outbreakof World War II, but escaped to Spain and flew to the United States in 1941.