Apollo

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An ancient Greek god of social order andlaw. Artwork shows Apollo as an ideal young man,just reaching maturity, often holding a bow or alyre. He seems especially to have been the protectorof young men as they became old enough to enter public life. More broadly, Apollo was a godof order and justice. As such, the Greeks routinelyconsulted him when they were thinking of establishingcolonies. In addition, Apollo was associatedwith herding, music, and prophecy. It has beenpopular to suggest that Apollo was a god of thesun. That view was common among Hellenisticand Roman writers. (Hellenistic literature is Greekliterature after Alexander the Great [d. 323 B.C.E.])But Apollo's connections with the sun alwaysplayed a very minor role in his worship.Apollo had two important sanctuaries. Thefi rst was the sacred island of Delos in the AegeanSea; the ancient Greeks said that Apollo and hissister ARTEMIS were born there. The second was thesanctuary at Delphi in central Greece, the site of afamous oracle, that is, a means of consulting thegod. Apollo shared the sanctuary at Delphi with thegod Dionysos. At Delphi, individuals or communitieswould put questions to the Sybil, a priestessof Apollo. According to legend, she would breathevapors, enter a trance, and provide an answer. ThenApollo's priests would communicate the answer inthe form of ambiguous poetry. A famous exampleis the oracle given to Croesus: "If you go to battle,you will destroy a great kingdom." Encouraged bythese words, Croesus attacked Persia—and losthis kingdom. Scholarly research suggests that theprocedures and responses at Delphi were actuallymore mundane. Questioners manipulated blackand white beans, and the god supposedly usedthem to reveal yes and no answers.Europeans and North Americans commonlysee Apollo as a god of enlightenment and reason.A good example is the German philosopher, FriedrichNietzsche (1844–1900). This image of Apolloderives largely from Hellenistic and Roman mythwriters.Nevertheless, many see this Apollo asembodying distinctively Greek characteristics.